Version Control System
Some interesting history
Linus had been using diff and patch command in linux to achieve version control of software engineering, and the basic principle of diff and patch is simple. When a a.txt is upgraded to b.txt , using diff a.txt b.txt will generate a diff.txt which would tell you some lines that is presenting in a.txt and others are missed. After that, you can delete the a.txt and keepb.txt diff.txt . In the other side, you could also generate a.txt just from b.txt and diff.txt using patch. This is the basic steps for linus to do the version control of documents. However the diff and patch command could not implement in binary documents, so that the usage of a modern version control system is urgen for linux community around 2000. Linus has applied a business version control system in linux community, and the software is commited to authorized free usage for linux commnity members. But something happends and break out this relationship. In April 4th, 2004, linus has been arranging to develop the git version control system, and finished it just 2 weeks later and the performance reaching the expectation.
Basic principle when using git
One commit for one thing, even though you just finish a new function or repair a bug.
But you can still use git add to add the change into Stage, when finishing git commit the content in Stage would be commit into repository.
git have a better diff command than linux diff and patch, and git support binary document. And git diff --cached could allow you to view the difference of the change log of files in Stage.
Git的操作
Fork from ruan yifeng’s blog
新建代码库
# 在当前目录新建一个Git代码库
$ git init# 新建一个目录，将其初始化为Git代码库
$ git init [project-name]# 下载一个项目和它的整个代码历史
$ git clone [url]配置
Git的设置文件为.gitconfig，它可以在用户主目录下，也可以在项目目录下。
# 显示当前的Git配置
$ git config --list# 编辑Git配置文件
$ git config -e [--global]# 设置提交代码时的用户信息
$ git config [--global] user.name "[name]"
$ git config [--global] user.email "[email address]"增加/删除文件
# 添加指定文件到暂存区
$ git add [file1] [file2] ...
# 添加指定目录到暂存区，包括子目录
$ git add [dir]
# 添加当前目录的所有文件到暂存区
$ git add .
# 删除工作区文件，并且将这次删除放入暂存区
$ git rm [file1] [file2] ...
# 停止追踪指定文件，但该文件会保留在工作区
$ git rm --cached [file]
# 改名文件，并且将这个改名放入暂存区
$ git mv [file-original] [file-renamed]代码提交
# 提交暂存区到仓库区
$ git commit -m [message]
# 提交暂存区的指定文件到仓库区
$ git commit [file1] [file2] ... -m [message]
# 提交工作区自上次commit之后的变化，直接到仓库区
$ git commit -a
# 提交时显示所有diff信息
$ git commit -v
# 使用一次新的commit，替代上一次提交
# 如果代码没有任何新变化，则用来改写上一次commit的提交信息
$ git commit --amend -m [message]
# 重做上一次commit，并包括指定文件的新变化
$ git commit --amend <file1> <file2> ...分支
# 列出所有本地分支
$ git branch
# 列出所有远程分支
$ git branch -r
# 列出所有本地分支和远程分支
$ git branch -a
# 新建一个分支，但依然停留在当前分支
$ git branch [branch-name]
# 新建一个分支，并切换到该分支
$ git checkout -b [branch]
# 新建一个分支，指向指定commit
$ git branch [branch] [commit]
# 新建一个分支，与指定的远程分支建立追踪关系
$ git branch --track [branch] [remote-branch]
# 切换到指定分支，并更新工作区
$ git checkout [branch-name]
# 建立追踪关系，在现有分支与指定的远程分支之间
$ git branch --set-upstream [branch] [remote-branch]
# 合并指定分支到当前分支
$ git merge [branch]
选择一个commit，合并进当前分支
$ git cherry-pick [commit]
# 删除分支
$ git branch -d [branch-name]
# 删除远程分支
$ git push origin --delete <branch-name>
$ git branch -dr <remote/branch>标签
# 列出所有tag
$ git tag
# 新建一个tag在当前commit
$ git tag [tag]
# 新建一个tag在指定commit
$ git tag [tag] [commit]
# 查看tag信息
$ git show [tag]
# 提交指定tag
$ git push [remote] [tag]
# 提交所有tag
$ git push [remote] --tags
# 新建一个分支，指向某个tag
$ git checkout -b [branch] [tag]查看信息
# 显示有变更的文件
$ git status
# 显示当前分支的版本历史
$ git log
# 显示commit历史，以及每次commit发生变更的文件
$ git log --stat
# 显示某个文件的版本历史，包括文件改名
$ git log --follow [file]
$ git whatchanged [file]
# 显示指定文件相关的每一次diff
$ git log -p [file]
# 显示指定文件是什么人在什么时间修改过
$ git blame [file]
# 显示暂存区和工作区的差异
$ git diff
# 显示暂存区和上一个commit的差异
$ git diff --cached [<file>]
# 显示工作区与当前分支最新commit之间的差异
$ git diff HEAD
# 显示两次提交之间的差异
$ git diff [first-branch]...[second-branch]
# 显示某次提交的元数据和内容变化
$ git show [commit]
# 显示某次提交发生变化的文件
$ git show --name-only [commit]
# 显示某次提交时，某个文件的内容
$ git show [commit]:[filename]
# 显示当前分支的最近几次提交
$ git reflog远程同步
# 下载远程仓库的所有变动
$ git fetch [remote]
# 显示所有远程仓库
$ git remote -v
# 显示某个远程仓库的信息
$ git remote show [remote]
# 增加一个新的远程仓库，并命名
$ git remote add [shortname] [url]
# 取回远程仓库的变化，并与本地分支合并
$ git pull [remote] [branch]
# 上传本地指定分支到远程仓库
$ git push [remote] [branch]
# 强行推送当前分支到远程仓库，即使有冲突
$ git push [remote] --force
# 推送所有分支到远程仓库
$ git push [remote] --all撤销
# 恢复暂存区的指定文件到工作区
$ git checkout [file]
# 恢复某个commit的指定文件到工作区
$ git checkout [commit] [file]
# 恢复上一个commit的所有文件到工作区
$ git checkout .
# 重置暂存区的指定文件，与上一次commit保持一致，但工作区不变
$ git reset [file]
# 重置暂存区与工作区，与上一次commit保持一致
$ git reset --hard
# 重置当前分支的指针为指定commit，同时重置暂存区，但工作区不变
$ git reset [commit]
# 重置当前分支的HEAD为指定commit，同时重置暂存区和工作区，与指定commit一致
$ git reset --hard [commit]
# 重置当前HEAD为指定commit，但保持暂存区和工作区不变
$ git reset --keep [commit]
# 新建一个commit，用来撤销指定commit
# 后者的所有变化都将被前者抵消，并且应用到当前分支
$ git revert [commit]其他
# 生成一个可供发布的压缩包
# git archive
